Artificial Intelligence

1. The Turing Test
2. The Chinese Room and Moore's Law
3. The Extended Mind
4. Do you know what time it is?
5. Information vs knowledge vs understanding
6. Individual knowledge vs google-knowing

Recommended Readings/Viewings

• Chalmers, David (2011) TEDx Talk on the Extended Mind
• Michael P. Lynch on extended knowledge
• Sanger, Larry (2010) Individual knowledge in the Internet Age, EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 45, no. 2 (March/April 2010): 14-24.

Key concepts, people, etc

• The Turing Test
  A test devised by computer pioneer Alan Turing to see if a computer can fool a human into thinking they are text-chatting with another human being.
• Strong AI, Week AI
  Strong AI is Artificial Intelligence that thinks just like a human being; Weak AI is is Artificial Intelligence that appears to think like a human being
• The Chinese Room
  A thought experiment invented by John Searle to suggest that a computer could never really have consciousness like a human being
  
• Moore's Law
  The observation made by semiconductor and computer engineer Gordon Moore that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years.This leads to projections about when computers will be powerful enough for Strong AI
• The Extended Mind
  The concept put forward by philosophers David Chalmers and Andy Clark that sees human technological innovations (from writing and the notepad to pocket calculators to computers) as extensions of our minds, so that our "minds" should not be thought of as stopping at the borders of our skull (our "Meat Minds"), but as extending into our memory aids and things like the Internet and AI
• Individual knowledge
  What a single individual actually knows and thinks. An old-school view that says that we must think for ourselves, rather than letting the hive of social media or an AI do our thinking for us, and that what we know in our own heads is really the sum of our knowledge and understanding (somewhat opposed to the Extended Mind model and outsourcing our understanding to the Internet)
• Liberal Education
  A view that learning is about making each individual a well-rounded critical thinker, capable of individual thought, creative initiative, empathy and understanding, and responsible citizenship
• Google-knowing
  The quick searching for and short-term knowing of information for specific situations which we then generally quickly forget as opposed to having them in long-term memory as part of our "Meat Minds"

References

• Carr, Nicholas (2008) "Is Google making us stupid?" The Atlantic, July/Aug 2008.
• Carr, Nicolas (2010a). "Does the internet make you dumber?" The Wall Street Journal, June 05, 2010.
• Carr, Nicholas (2010b) The Shallows.  New York: Norton.
• Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas (2023) I, Human: AI, Automation, and the Quest to Reclaim What Makes Us Unique. Cambridge: Harvard Business Review Press.
• Clark, Andy and David Chalmers (1998) "The extended mind," Analysis 58:10-23.
• de Lange, Robin (2013) "Augmented Education: How AR technologies extend our mind," AR[t] Magazine 3: 65-71.
• Harari, Yuval Noah (2018) 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. London: Jonathan Cape.
• Harrison, Maggie (2023) "Guy Launches News Site That’s Completely Generated by AI"
• Lanier, Jaron (2011) You are not a gadget. New York: Vintage.
• Lipking, Lawrence (2003) "Chess Minds and Critical Moves,"  New Literary History, 34(1).
• Lynch, Michael P. (2016) The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data. New York: Liveright.
• Poeter, Damon (2013) "Moore's Law Really Works After All: Study,"  PC Magazine, May, 2013
  
• Riskin, Jessica (2003)  "The Defecating Duck, or, the Ambiguous Origins of Artificial Life,"  Critical Inquiry, Vol 29, No. 4, Summer 2003.
  
• Rohwer, Jurgen (1999) "Signal Intelligence and World War II: The Unfolding Story,"  The Journal of Military History, Vol 63, No. 4.
  
• Searle, John (1980) "Minds, Brains, and Programs," The Journal of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol 3.
• Teich, Paul (2019) "Modernizing the Turing Test for 21st Century AI"
  
• Vardi, Moshe (2012) "Artificial Intelligence, Past and Future,"  Communications of the ACM, 55(1).
• Waters, Richard (2023) "Man beats machine at Go in human victory over AI"